Earlier studies have shown that musically trained individuals may have a benefit in adverse listening situations when compared to non-musicians, especially in speech-on-speech perception. However, the literature provides mostly conflicting results. In the current study, by employing different measures of spoken language processing, we aimed to test whether we could capture potential differences between musicians and non-musicians in speech-on-speech processing. We used an offline measure of speech perception, which reveals a post-task response, and online measures of real time spoken language (...) processing: gaze-tracking and pupillometry. We used stimuli of comparable complexity across both paradigms and tested the same groups of participants. In the sentence recall task, musicians recalled more words correctly than non-musicians. In the eye-tracking experiment, both groups showed reduced fixations to the target and competitor words’ images as the level of speech maskers increased. The time course of gaze fixations to the competitor did not differ between groups in the speech-in-quiet condition, while the time course dynamics did differ between groups as the two-talker masker was added to the target signal. As the level of two-talker masker increased, musicians showed reduced lexical competition as indicated by the gaze fixations to the competitor. The pupil dilation data showed differences mainly in one target-to-masker ratio. This does not allow to draw conclusions regarding potential differences in the use of cognitive resources between groups. Overall, the eye-tracking measure enabled us to observe that musicians may be using a different strategy than non-musicians to attain spoken word recognition as the noise level increased. However, further investigation with more fine-grained alignment between the processes captured by online and offline measures is necessary to establish whether musicians differ due to better cognitive control or sound processing. (shrink)

Increasing environmental awareness in business life has given way to Green Human Resources Management practices. The positive corporate image created by GHRM is encouraging for many employees and boosts their work engagement. GHRM practices make employees feel proud about their organization and creates a value-based ground for working in their current companies. Actually, internalized green inclinations of organizations, namely, value alignment between an organization and an employee, can make their employees feel greater psychological ownership about their companies, leading to greater (...) engagement as it is suggested in social identity theory. Being inspired from psychological ownership literature, in this study, it is assumed that being exposed to Green Human Resources Management practices can make employees feel higher levels of work engagement and psychological ownership can have a mediator effect in this relationship. The model has been a tested model among 255 Turkish white-collar employees working in a manufacturing sector. Analyses have been carried out using the AMOS structural equation program and the PROCESS program. Results confirmed the above assumptions, confirming the assumptions of social identity theory and revealed the existence of mediator effect in the relationship between GHRM and work engagement of employees, illuminating the importance of GHRM for employees' positive attitudes toward their organization. (shrink)

The capacity of visual working memory (VWM) refers to the amount of visual information that can be maintained in mind at once, readily accessible for ongoing tasks. In healthy young adults, the capacity limit of VWM corresponds to about three simple objects. While some researchers argued that VWM capacity becomes adult-like in early years of life, others claimed that the capacity of VWM continues to develop beyond middle childhood. Here we assessed whether VWM capacity reaches adult levels in adolescence. Using (...) an adaptation of the visual change detection task, we measured visual working memory capacity estimates in 13 year-olds, 16-year-olds, and young adults. We tested whether the capacity estimates observed in early or later years of adolescence were comparable to the estimates obtained from adults. Our results demonstrated that the capacity of VWM continues to develop throughout adolescence, not reaching adult levels even in 16 year-olds. These findings suggest that VWM capacity displays a prolonged development, similar to the protracted trajectories observed in various other aspects of cognition. (shrink)

This paper takes a first-hand look at the creation of multiple identities through multiple avatars by a single user in Second Life®. This phenomenon, together with its non-virtual predecessors such as the literary nom de plume, challenges the validity of the notion of the undivided 'self', particularly in the context of creative practices. 'alpha.tribe' is an experimental group of avatars who have founded a virtual fashion business in Second Life®. The creative output of this enterprise provides the visual context through (...) which the primarily self-observational study of the author will be presented. Within this framework, references from presence studies, cyberpsychology and ludology will also be drawn upon. A designer and artist, as well as an art educator, the author wished to investigate whether the consistency of the creative self is in fact a given and whether it might not be challenged. Thus five avatars, of both sexes, human as well as non-human, have pooled their resources in the operation of a design enterprise, within which each virtual identity pursues his/her own line of creative inquiry, culminating in different lines of output. A discussion of this ongoing experiment, supplemented with a visual documentation of the work engendered, forms the bulwark of this text. (shrink)

In this paper, I examine how and why Heidegger's early conception of freedom as the ground of the self-appropriation of Dasein had been gradually transformed after 1930. The approach of Heidegger to the issue of human freedom displays how his thinking proceeds from Kant's formulation of the problem in "The Third Antinomy" of the first Critique to Sophocles' tragedy of Antigone. I argue that the reason behind this transformation resides in the attempt of thinking the relation between freedom and natural (...) necessity over and beyond the constraints of critical philosophy. What seems pivotal in this transformation is Heidegger's growing concern with the "tragic" in which he envisages the possibility of a genuine exposure to the "truth" of the conflict between freedom and necessity and, more primordially, to the "abode" wherein the encounter between man and Being {Sein) occurs. Here, the "tragic" is pointing to the limits of representation and what is presented. In other words, it exhibits the limits of human freedom in its relation to the truth of Being. In the passion for disclosure of Being {aletheia), man is driven into the freedom of instituting its truth. In Heidegger's late thinking, human freedom is determined not any more by the obligation of choosing oneself but by the necessity of clearing the truth of Being. Human freedom is tragic in the face of this necessity that it has to answer. Therefore, man is envisaged as having no right or mastery over his freedom for there is no total clearing of its origin. Finally, I argue that it seems impossible to understand the transformation in Heidegger's concept of freedom without an appeal to his emphasis on the "tragic" as being an attempt to deepen and to transfigure the problem as treated in Kantian critical philosophy. In its tragic sense, Heidegger's concept of human freedom displays what lies beneath the Kantian antinomy: the incomprehensible origin of human freedom conceived as the event of the historical appropriation of Being {Er-eignis). (shrink)

The problem of disagreement is one of the most important issues that have been debated in epistemology in recent years, and in particular the peer disagreement. The main question of this problem is what kind of attitude we should rationally adopt when we realize that someone who is an epistemic peer to us does not think the same. There are four main responses to this question: conciliationism, steadfastness, total evidence view, and justificationist view. In this article, first I will briefly (...) examine these four views and deal with the points where they fail to satisfy. Later, I will argue that resolution of the disagreement should be case-based. And finally, I will present the evidence-based argument in peer disagreement which is my own response to this problem and explain it with sample cases. (shrink)

Researchers have concluded that religious beliefs and spirituality develop the ability to deal with negative feelings and behaviours. Religious beliefs give hope and self-esteem while reducing anger, guilt, anxiety, and depression. Therefore, mental healthcare professionals deal with combining religious and spiritual beliefs into various therapy processes. One of them; In cognitive behavioural therapy, it is accepted that people perceive the events as negative because of their negative beliefs about themselves and their environment. Thinking badly about your own like that “I (...) am not a good person”, “I am a worthless person”, “I don’t pass this exam because I am too inadequate” and thinking badly about their environment like that “people can hurt me”, “people always lie to me”, “nobody can love me”, these harmful and dysfunctional thoughts may have begun to develop in childhood. Negative life experiences might also lead to the development of negative personal perceptions. Negative core beliefs fed by negative events for many years may become permanent in the mind of the person. It is used alternative positive thinking instead of these negative thoughts in the therapy process. Religions are believed useful as an alternative thinking source. Many religious approaches and Islamic belief have alternative sources to change dysfunctional and maladaptive thoughts by some: such as prayer, hope, moderation, self-esteem, patience, repentance, justice, tolerance, wisdom, gratitude, kindness, respect, courtesy and contentment. These values are thought useful for cognitive behavioural therapy process to restructure dysfunctional thoughts and beliefs. With this study, we aim to examine and give some samples how Islamic belief integrates into cognitive behavioural therapy. (shrink)

In recent years, one of the important issues discussed in epistemology is the problem of disagreement. The epistemology of disagreement is mostly discussed through peer disagreement. The question of whether two epistemic peers should make a change in their beliefs after awareness of the disagreement is important in these discussions. To this question; there are four main answers: conciliationism, steadfastness, total evidence view, and justificationist view. In this thesis, I found these answers insufficient and put forward a new argument, which (...) i named as 'the evidence- based argument in peer disagreement'. Religious disagreements, with some of its cases that fall within the scope of peer disagreement, cause religious diversity. Whether religious diversity itself and religious disagreements will detract from the epistemological status of our religious belief is another matter of debate for religious epistemology. I have demonstrated that our religious belief is rational despite religious diversity and religious disagreements, both by using my argument and by putting forward various epistemological reasons. (shrink)

“Diaspora uzman(lığ)ı”, sivil toplum örgütleri ve uluslararası kuruluşlar tarafından tıbbi, teknik ve yönetimsel bilimler gibi çeşitli alanlarda uzman ve bir diaspora grubuna ait kişileri tanımlamak için kullanılmaktadır. Fakat bu kavramının bir de uzmanlık alanını diaspora konusu üzerine kazanmış kişileri anlatması söz konusudur. Bu çalışmada ilk durumu anlatmak için “diaspora-içinden-uzmanlık”, ikinci durum içinse “diaspora-üzerine-uzmanlık” kullanılmıştır. Diaspora-üzerine uzmanlık; diasporaların anavatanla, misafir ülkeyle ve diğer ülkelerdeki diaspora gruplarıyla ilişkilerini kapsayan bir ağın yönetimine; bir tür dünya politikasına yönelik uzmanlık bilgisidir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, günümüzde (...) diaspora üzerine uzmanlıktan beklenen bilgi, deneyim ve yetenek birikiminin siyaset kavramını ve disiplinini nasıl dönüştürdüğünü anlamaktır. Bu doğrultuda öncelikle kavramların anlamlarına (diaspora ve uzmanlık) ve diaspora-içinden-uzmanlığa değinilmiş; sonrasında diaspora-üzerine-uzmanlığın izleri üniversitelerde kurulan program, enstitü, merkez vb. oluşumlar üzerinden akademi alanında ve “diaspora uzman(lığ)ı” başlıklı iş ilanları üzerinden piyasada/uygulamada aranmıştır. Sonuç bölümünde diaspora-üzerine-uzmanlık konusundaki gelişmelerin siyaset çalışmaları akademisyenleri ve mezunları için neleri ima ettiği tartışılmıştır. (shrink)

In pornography the connection between sexuality and depersonalisation is obvious. That connection provoked in the 1980s several political movements which advocated a comprehensive prohibition. The threat of pornography to woman in particular and the society as a whole was their concern. Looking at advertisement, music videos and the World Wide Web the dealing with pornography seems even more easy since then. This evolves the question, whether we have to reconsider the arguments about pornography and its connection between sexuality and depersonalisation. (...) Therefore a summary of the philosophical debate will be given . A discussion of the juridical situation especially in Germany rounds this up . Eventually, an argument for a liberalistic view on pornography will be presented. (shrink)

About Antiquities: Politics of Archaeology in the Ottoman Empire. By Zeynep Çelik. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2016. Pp. xi + 268, illus. $27.95.

In this paper, I examine how and why Heidegger's early conception of freedom as the ground of the self-appropriation of Dasein had been gradually transformed after 1930. The approach of Heidegger to the issue of human freedom displays how his thinking proceeds from Kant's formulation of the problem in "The Third Antinomy" of the first Critique to Sophocles' tragedy of Antigone. I argue that the reason behind this transformation resides in the attempt of thinking the relation between freedom and natural (...) necessity over and beyond the constraints of critical philosophy. What seems pivotal in this transformation is Heidegger's growing concern with the "tragic" in which he envisages the possibility of a genuine exposure to the "truth" of the conflict between freedom and necessity and, more primordially, to the "abode" wherein the encounter between man and Being {Sein) occurs. Here, the "tragic" is pointing to the limits of representation and what is presented. In other words, it exhibits the limits of human freedom in its relation to the truth of Being. In the passion for disclosure of Being {aletheia), man is driven into the freedom of instituting its truth. In Heidegger's late thinking, human freedom is determined not any more by the obligation of choosing oneself but by the necessity of clearing the truth of Being. Human freedom is tragic in the face of this necessity that it has to answer. Therefore, man is envisaged as having no right or mastery over his freedom for there is no total clearing of its origin. Finally, I argue that it seems impossible to understand the transformation in Heidegger's concept of freedom without an appeal to his emphasis on the "tragic" as being an attempt to deepen and to transfigure the problem as treated in Kantian critical philosophy. In its tragic sense, Heidegger's concept of human freedom displays what lies beneath the Kantian antinomy: the incomprehensible origin of human freedom conceived as the event of the historical appropriation of Being {Er-eignis). (shrink)

The aim of this article is to investigate the ways in which memory and imagination operate in and through the development of consciousness in literary texts. Itsguiding theme shall be the double consciousness in modern life which sets the plot for one of the masterpieces of Henry James, The Ambassadors (1903). Thus The Ambassadors artfully crafts the “inwardness of the modern mind” by plotting it as a process of maturity and of becoming mindful through the powers of imagination, recollection and (...) memory. The prospect of the novel consists in the possibility of envisioning a sense of freedom or of life that is one’s own making. The interpretation that I endorse here is guided by the question of intimacy and its relation to freedom, and is made in the light of what Hegel says in his Philosophy of Mind with regard to the development of mind’s powers. This assessment may disclose a way of learning and growing through becoming mindful of the oppositions that pervade the modern mind. Henry James and Hegel, each in their unique way, recollect this lesson that modern life teaches by raising it to a higher consciousness as we find in the form of their art and philosophy. (shrink)

Ensuring well-being ahead of positive psychology aims at the treatment of individuals with psychological problems. Positive psychology contributes to the improvement of traumatic processes. But there is more to the field of study of positive psychology than that. In studies in this field, it has become important for individuals to be empowered with their own internal resources and to feel good with their values. The aim of this study is to determine the relationships between the concepts of psychological well-being and (...) consent. The main purpose of the concept of psychological well-being is to support the individual with its own values in a psychologically healthy life. These values strengthen individuals and contribute to mental health by helping regulate people's cognition, emotions and behaviours. Religion is full of values for a happy and peaceful life for the believers. Religious values have the potential to empower people, enhance their cognition, and provide psychological well-being. The concept of consent is contained many meanings such as; Accepting the result after making an effort to get what they want in life, being resilience against negative life events, being hopeful, being satisfied with the life he/she lives, to find inner peace, having good moral qualities and good morals. It has been determined that components such as acceptance of emotions arising from negative experiences, a meaningful life, life satisfaction, psychological resilience related to the concept of psychological well-being are included in the concept of consent among the religious concepts. In this paper, positive psychology and "consent", a religious concept, have been examined and suggested for positive psychology practices for individuals with faith in order to empower them with their own values. (shrink)

Phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI 3-kinase) is an important enzyme that is involved in the regulation of a variety of biological processes such as apoptosis, cell division, and ion channel activity and can play a role in the pathological development of a number of diseases, including AIDS and cancer. The authors’ data indicate that external qi of Yan Xin Life Science Technology (YXLST) can modulate enzyme activity in two directions. Within a time window of 3 days of the initial emission of (...) external qi of YXLST, PI 3-kinase activity was restored in an outdated enzyme sample that had lost activity, and PI 3-kinase activity was suppressed in a freshly purified sample relative to an untreated control sample so that its activity was nearly undetectable. The data presented are consistent with the hypothesis that external qi of YXLST can alter molecular events. The uniqueness of this and other observations mandates further study. (shrink)

J. L. Austin famously thought that facts about the circumstances in which it is ordinarily appropriate and reasonable to make claims to knowledge have a great bearing on the propriety of a philosophical account of knowledge. His major criticism of the epistemological doctrines about which he wrote was precisely that they lacked fidelity to our ordinary linguistic practices. In The Significance of Philosophical Scepticism, Barry Stroud argues that Austin was misguided: it is one thing for it to be inappropriate under (...) ordinary circumstances to deny that someone knows that P, another thing for it to be true that she knows that P. Thus, to the philosophical enterprise of determining which knowledge attributions are true, Austin's form of criticism is beside the point. I argue that, attractive though it may be, this response to Austin badly under-estimates the force of his sort of criticism. (shrink)

J. L. Austin famously thought that facts about the circumstances in which it is ordinarily appropriate and reasonable to make (challenge) claims to knowledge have a great bearing on the propriety of a philosophical account of knowledge. His major criticism of the epistemological doctrines about which he wrote was precisely that they lacked fidelity to our ordinary linguistic practices. In The Significance of Philosophical Scepticism, Barry Stroud argues that Austin was misguided: it is one thing for it to be inappropriate (...) under ordinary circumstances to (say) deny that someone knows that P, another thing for it to be true that she knows that P. Thus, to the philosophical enterprise of determining which knowledge attributions are true, Austin’s form of criticism is beside the point. I argue that, attractive though it may be, this response to Austin badly underestimates the force of his sort of criticism. (shrink)

Phylogenetic information is often necessary to distinguish between evolutionary scenarios. Recently, some prominent proponents of evolutionary psychology have acknowledged this, and have claimed that such evidence has in fact been brought to bear on adaptive hypotheses involving complex human psychological traits. Were this possible, it would be a valuable source of evidence regarding hypothesized adaptive traits in humans. However, the structure of the Hominidae family makes this difficult or impossible. For many traits of interest, the closest extant relatives to the (...) human species are too phenotypically different from humans for such methods to provide meaningful data. While phylogenetic information can be useful for testing adaptive hypotheses in humans, these generally involve traits that are not widely shared in the species or fairly widely shared in the Hominidae family, and hence likely of a lower order of complexity than the sorts of traits evolutionary psychology has so far been interested in. (shrink)

As healthcare institutions expand and vertically integrate, healthcare delivery is less constrained by geography, nationality, or even by institutional boundaries. As part of this trend, some aspects of the healthcare process are shifted from medical centers back into the home and communities. Telehealth applications intended for health promotion, social services, and other activitiesprovide services outside clinical settings in homes, schools, libraries, and other governmental and community sites. Such developments include health information web sites, on-line support groups, automated telephone counseling, interactive (...) health promotion programs, and electronic mail exchanges. Concomitant with these developments is the growth of consumer health informatics, in which individuals seeking medical care or information are able to find various health information resources that take advantage of new information technologies. (shrink)

Autobiographical writing in philosophy class encourages beginning students to use their own philosophical questions, emotions, and difficult experiences to unlock the meaning of a philosophical text, and encourages advanced students to engage in original philosophical writing. Philosophical justification for the approach can be found in the concepts of metaphorical thinking, historicity, multicultural voices, textual hermeneutics, the metaphysics of experience, the logic of discovery, and intersubjectivity. Examples of student assignments and student writing illustrate the approach. Learning resources for teachers and suggested (...) solutions to practical problems offer a helpful starting point. (shrink)

The essays in this volume explore in detail many of the ways power structures our daily personal, political and intellectual lives, and evaluate the workings of power using a variety of theoretical paradigms, from Hobbesian liberalism to Foucauldian feminist postmodernism. Taken as a whole, the book aims towards an end to unjust and destructive uses of power and the flowering of an encouraging, educated empowerment for all human beings in a pluralistic world. Section I offers a progressive chain of arguments (...) that moves from the acceptance of domination, through the rejection of domination and, finally, to a new vision of power based on equality and mutual respect. Section II explores the questions, how is the philosophical self, that is, our very understanding of who we are, implicated in the web of power and domination? Section III responds to political realism as it explores morally ideal solutions to the global problems of poverty, war and hunger. Section IV discusses ways in which our thought and practice in both public and private life are bound up in hierarchies of domination. (shrink)

This study aims to compare the hafiz training in imam hatip secondary schools and the hafiz training processes carried out in the Qur'an courses affiliated to the Presidency of Religious Affairs, based on student views, within the scope of the "Hafiz Project with Formal Education in Imam Hatip Secondary Schools", which is currently being implemented. The model of the study, which is based on the quantitative research method, is the comparative relational survey model, which is based on determining the relationship (...) between two or more variables and the presence or degree of change. The universe of the research is four imam hatip secondary schools and four Qur'an courses located in the European side of Istanbul, and the sample is 160 students who receive hafiz training in these institutions. In the research, first of all, hafiz education and its development in the historical process are included. Then, the data obtained as a result of the questionnaires applied to the participant students within the scope of the research were analyzed according to the institution and gender variable. In this context, the students' views on the hafiz process, the hafiz training together with the formal education, the post hafiz process, the hafiz teachers and the physical opportunities in the hafiz process were consulted, and the significant differences between the relevant views were determined and evaluated. As a result of the study, especially in terms of gender variable, significant differences were found in subjects such as memorization, other occupations in the hafiz process, teachers' understanding of education, and the desire to quit memorization. (shrink)

This article will ask questions that connect the conceptions of Marc Augé's 'place/non-place' and Gaston Bachelard's 'poetic space' to the avatar of real-time, perpetual, online, three-dimensional virtual builder's worlds, also known as the metaverse. Are metaverses 'places' or 'non-places'? Do we actually live in the metaverse or do we just traverse these worlds very much in the sense that Marc Augé defines them as transitional loci that are assigned only to circumscribed and specific positions? The question following from this is (...) whether there are nevertheless three-dimensionally embodied virtual spaces that go beyond being transitional 'non-places' to locations in which an imaginative relationship to architecture in the sense in which Bachelard describes them in his seminal work The Poetics of Space (1958) or that correspond to Marc Augé's definition of 'place' exist. (shrink)

Background: Informed consent involves patients being informed, in detail, of information relating to diagnosis, treatment, care and prognosis that relates to him or her. It also involves the patient explicitly demonstrating an understanding of the information and a decision to accept or decline the intervention. Nurses in particular experience problems regarding informed consent. Research question and design: This descriptive study was designed to determine nurse knowledge and practices regarding their roles and responsibilities for informed consent in Turkey. The research was (...) performed using 92 nurses who work at the surgical clinics. Data collection form was prepared by the researchers with assistance from the literature, and the data were evaluated by the SPSS 12.0 data analysis program. Ethical consideration: This study was approved by the Medicine and Health Sciences Research and Ethics Committee of the university. Written consent was received from the nurses. Findings: Among the nurses who participated in this study, 39.1% indicated that they were responsible for obtaining informed consent. It was also found that 90.2% of the nurses informed patients before providing nursing interventions and 32.6% of the nurses obtained consent from patients, and 90.0% of the nurses who indicated that they obtain patient consent only obtain verbal consent. Among all of the nurses, 21.7% agreed that informed consent needs to be obtained in order to protect the medical staff legally. Discussion: It is argued that a lack of official procedures at hospitals regarding informed consent and insufficient information being provided to healthcare providers has caused problems regarding informed consent. Conclusion: The nurses in this study lacked information regarding their role in obtaining informed consent from patients and they often performed incomplete and/or incorrect practices within the framework of their required role. It is believed that an increased level of education along with the creation of official policies and procedures would contribute towards solving these problems. (shrink)

The current study is designed to propose and test a model about the ethical reputation of a target manager who must decide whether to engage in earnings management. We employ an experimental approach to examine the potential negative reputation effects within the internal labor market of a firm that occur as a consequence of earnings management. We examine participants’ responses to a hypothetical (target) manager when both the target’s behavior and the corporate incentives were manipulated. Participants assessed how ethical they (...) believed a target manager to be, based on the target’s decision regarding earnings management and the nature of the corporate incentives. Participants also assessed the target’s managerial ability. Participants’ judgments regarding the target’s morality were significantly affected by the target’s behavior, but were not affected by the incentive structure. Ability judgments were significantly and positively related with morality assessments. Further analysis indicates that morality assessments mediate the relationships between the target’s behavior and the participants’ willingness to extend work-related opportunities to the target. Implications of these results for management control systems design and for future research are discussed. (shrink)

Book reviewed in this article:Timothy Williamson, Knowledge and its Limits.